Jefferson Outfederalized the Federalists free essay sample

When given the arrangement, Jefferson expected that marking bargain was illegal in light of the fact that it wasnt straightforwardly expressed in constitution. In any case, in the wake of thoroughly considering it, Jefferson marked the settlement and justified for it through inferred powers (Moran and Holder 164) and that he had the privilege under the constitution under the bargain making powers (Brinkley 202).This conflicted with the Republican view that the central government just has he rights explicitly referenced in the constitution, and the constitution didn't express that the President has the position to buy land from different nations. At long last, the Louisiana Purchase utilized federalist thoughts by its dubiousness. The bargain didn't explicitly define up limits yet basically expressed that the buy was a similar degree as when France and Spain possessed it (Brinkley 202). With this one activity, Jefferson conflicted with two of his Republican perspectives; deciphering the constitution as it is composed and solid dates rights.Besides the Louisiana Purchase, numerous other not as significant moves were made that looked like federalists thoughts. We will compose a custom article test on Jefferson Outfederalized the Federalists or on the other hand any comparative point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Initially, republicans didnt need a national bank, however during Jefferson term, he permitted the primary bank to proceed without impedance until its agreement was fulfilled. His thinking for this, which was contrary to his perspective on an agrarian culture, was that America was and should have been progressively industrialized and as the country expanded and all the more impressive, a wellspring of budgetary association and request was needed.States rights were likewise debilitated because of the marking of the Louisiana Purchase bargain. The arrangement, alongside suggested powers, expanded the official forces, and yet diminished the quality of state governments. This conflicted with the Republican perspective on states rights being a higher priority than Federal rights. While Thomas Jefferson showed numerous Federalist inclinations, he still emphatically upheld Democratic-Republican perspectives. A portion of these perspectives incorporated his help against a national obligation and solid states rights.Although states rights were debilitated fairly in his term, he despite everything abrogated the Excise Tax, which he felt was unlawful, and disposed of the Naturalization Act. On account of the Louisiana Purchase, Jefferson was in a circumstance with practically just a single coherent decision. In the event that he turned down the arrangement, it left a huge region of land open for different nations to settle and start a realm in. So in doing what was best for the nation, he definitely received a portion of the Federalist sees, generally without a decision.

Criminal Justice Corrections Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Criminal Justice Corrections - Essay Example There are a wide assortment of condemning alternatives accessible to passes judgment on today that extend from network administration to capital punishment. The sort of wrongdoing, seriousness of the wrongdoing, the way of thinking of the court, and the law all effect the sentence that a criminal will get when indicted for a criminal demonstration. There are a wide scope of choices that an appointed authority has while considering the sentence that a criminal merits. Minor wrongdoings, for example, shoplifting or prostitution, are frequently dealt with by condemning the guilty party to a fine or probation. Probation goes back a few centuries and has advanced from a casual checking method to a profoundly developed framework methodology (County of Suffolk NY, n.d.). Probation is the suspension of a sentence for network checking, where the guilty party has the open door for restoration. Also, the wrongdoer might be condemned to house capture in which the indicted criminal is confined in portability and is just permitted in their home or at their work environment. This gives the courts a high level of responsibility and limitation, while keeping the criminal off the lanes and away from people in general. Both probation and house capture can be powerful elective sentences for first time wrongdoers or negligible lawbreakers who have any desire for restoration. Normally, when we consider condemning for a criminal demonstration, we consider it as far as detainment. For progressively serious violations, for example, lawful offenses or wrongdoings of viciousness, the hazard to society of re-affronting makes detainment a viable device. Hoodlums might be imprisoned at a neighborhood, state, or government office relying on the idea of the wrongdoing and the purview. Imprisonment rates have increased forcefully lately from 150 for every 100,000 of every 1980 to 500 for each 100,000 out of 2005 (After sharp increments, 2007). The expanded paces of detainment have come not just because of an expansion in crime, yet additionally from preservationist perspectives that put stock in a get intense strategy on wrongdoing (Mears et al., 2007). On the more extreme finish of condemning is capital punishment. This sentence is saved for the most grievous and horrendous violations and serves to exhibit society's judgment of certain criminal demonstrations. The lawbreaker, the wrongdoing, and the court will meet up to decide a suitable sentence. The sentence passed on in a court is frequently the aftereffect of the way of thinking of the court, and particularly of the living appointed authority. Condemning can be seen as either therapeutic or retributive. Retributive condemning looks to rebuff the guilty party without sympathy or any expectation of restoration. Supporters of retributive condemning accept that solid sentences go about as an impediment, and when a criminal is stopped there is no requirement for restoration. They see condemning as a discipline. Conversely, therapeutic condemning tries to fix the mischief done by the wrongdoing and reintegrate the criminal into the network. The sentence may comprise of compensation, sedate treatment, or network administration. Supporters fight that the person who did the damage increases more grounded aptitudes and network associations, the chance to create compassion, and the information that they have amended their misstep (Ball, 2003, p.51). While retributive condemning depen ds on the idea of 'tit for tat', remedial equity discovers torment/discipline frequently counterproductive for both casualty and guilty party (Mosak, 2006, p.3). These are the issues that face the criminal adjudicator while deciding

Students perceptions of women in advertising commercials Coursework

Understudies view of ladies in promoting advertisements - Coursework Example This article Students’ view of ladies in publicizing ads depicts how ladies depicted in notice and the effect of the use of ladies in advertisements on purchasers' conduct. As indicated by Wolin, sexual orientation has all the earmarks of being a significant factor when arranging a correspondence methodology yet this investigation uncovers that race is additionally a significant thought. This investigation can advise plan directors attempting to create viable correspondence methodologies. It is hard to imagine an individual alive today who has never observed or heard a commercial, in any event, for the individuals who don’t usually stare at the TV or tune in to the radio. Notwithstanding, as per Television Statistics, a normal individual living in the cutting edge world sits in front of the TV one to four hours out of each day. During these long stretches of staring at the TV, there is an extraordinary likelihood that this individual will see at any rate one commercial. Be that as it may, the manner by which the watcher will respond to this promotion can differ broadly. While probabilities can be resolved with respect to what level of watchers will respond emphatically versus the individuals who will respond adversely or apathetically, getting more explicit than this is troublesome and depends to a lot on what pictures and thoughts are remembered for the notice itself. The utilization of ladies in promoting is one of the most questionable issues in contemporary advertising. Cortese claims that the manner by which ladies are utilized in publicizing uncovered the ideological convictions in predominance and control that stay a solid component of contemporary business in spite of women's activist endeavors. As per Mayne (2002), ladies are much of the time appeared in TV notices to advertise makeup, individual cleanliness items or items for cleaning the home. This strengthens the message that ladies' needs ought to be focused on improving their looks o r thinking about the inside of the home. Culture is one of the more critical parts of society that can decide the potential response of the watcher to a given message. In spite of the fact that there are a wide range of sorts of societies living respectively in one nation, individuals with comparable foundations, ethnicities or conviction frameworks will in general offer comparative qualities (Gupta, et al, 2007). Be that as it may, what is culture' According to Hofstede culture is the system

Just a Few Thoughts free essay sample

Think. Think. Think. An exposition? Well But what to compose abou-A play! Down the field, they cross the ball, and ohh, I call it offside. What a drag. I should give better consideration, however being the associate ref uninvolved of an under tens girl’s game when red is up by six. .. Incomprehensible. It would be a more astute utilization of time to daydream†¦What. To. Compose? â€Å"I like science,† + twelve years of school (four especially devoted to shaping expressive sentences) - yields â€Å"I have become knowledgeable in numerous zones of study, anyway science has crested my advantage not at all like anything before.† No. Quiet down. Bunches of individuals like science. Plus, you like history more. Tyrants, wars and unrests, goodness my! â€Å"It all started with Mesopotamia, the world’s first civilization†¦Ã¢â‚¬  No. You’re faltering. They know this. Others know this. Also, you think Stalin is additionally fascinating anyway†¦ Oo, Stalin. We will compose a custom paper test on Only a Few Thoughts or on the other hand any comparable theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Hitler. Mussolini. Fiendish, however intriguing. What was most important to them? For what reason did they execute; long for control? Gracious God, and Robespierre! What and nitwit! â€Å"I’ll be a main thrust in beginning an upheaval, go power insane like the ruler and sovereign I helped topple, and afterward get myself execute â€Å"â€Å"Excuse me sir? No sir, she wasn’t offside. She had the ball on a break-away†¦ Ok sir, I’ll converse with him about it.†The play was perfect. Everybody Thinks. They Know. The Offside. Rule. I know it however. I realize that that it isn’t ‘offsides’ like everybody says. I know the standard since I played goalkeeper until I broke my kneecap. I KNOW offside (no s). Kneecap†¦ Patellllaaa†¦ Meanings. Understandings. Interpretations. Shakespeare. â€Å"Beware the Ides of March.† March fifteenth. Ya know, the clock sounds during the gathering of the professional killers, however Julius Caesar was around 40 BCE. There weren’t any timekeepers in those days; they told their time by the sun†¦ The focal point of the universe.â€Å"No sir, I’m sorry, that’s not a foul. Indeed, from THIS point, it looked as if her elbow didn’t hit your player; I think she was simply running.†Ahh, right. Heliocentric. Excellent word. Virtuoso revelation. Poor Copernicus, too hesitant to even think about saying anything. Be that as it may, not Galileo, no probably not. A genuine individual. Not hesitant to stand up. To appear as something else. Discovering his paradise through the damnation he needed to experience for his productions. Go. Through. For hell's sake. To. Get. To. Paradise. Nizche. It’s valid however. I mean consider it, I remain in the sun-throughout the day-and tune in to guardians shout at me-throughout the day-to get paid with the expectation that I can in the long run experience a smidgen of my heaven†¦ Study abroad. Spare that money†¦ Learn, absorb, appreciate. LIVE. Mumbai, Athens, Rome, and Warsaw. Spare. Travel. Learn. Learn. Learn. Through all things, I learn, learn, learn.

INFLUENCE OF INTERVENTION ON MEDIA RELATING TO TOBACCO CONTROL ISSUES Essay

Impact OF INTERVENTION ON MEDIA RELATING TO TOBACCO CONTROL ISSUES IN INDIA - Essay Example As tobacco utilization turns into a worldwide concern, nations around the world face the rising concerns inferable from tobacco use. In this condition, India isn't extraordinary. The Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS India,2010) is an instrument that has been created to follow tobacco predominance, presentation to recycled smoking, introduction to tobacco publicizing/advancement, suspension, information and perspectives; that are basic for tobacco control program, arrangements and assessment. GATS India give these assessments at national and state level and has caught urban/provincial and sexual orientation explicit information. In the report, GATS India (2010) has indicated that 35% of grown-ups or 33% of the number of inhabitants in India use tobacco in some structure or another. Of these 35% grown-up clients, 21 % utilize just smokeless tobacco, 9% just smoke and 5% smoke just as utilize smokeless tobacco. In light of these figures, it is assessed that tobacco clients in India is round 274.9 million, with 163.7 million clients of just smokeless tobacco, 68.9 million just smokers, and 42.3 million clients of both smoking and smokeless tobacco (GATS India, 2010, p xxxv). Besides, the pervasiveness of by and large tobacco use among guys is 48 percent while among females is 20 percent (GATS India, 2010). In this unique situation, the administration of India, in 2003, has authorized the Cigarettes and Other Tobacco Products (Prohibition of Advertisement and Regulation of Trade and Commerce, Production, Supply and Distribution) Act 2003 (COTPA). The law precludes the utilization of tobacco to secure the wellbeing of the general population, to boycott its commercial and to accommodate guideline of exchange, trade, creation, flexibly and conveyance of cigarettes and other tobacco items in the nation (Ministry of Health, 2003). The key components of COPTA incorporates The without smoke Rule was amended on October 2008 to reclassify the term ‘public place’ so as to

Highlighting Technological Advancement Field Crime Detection - 1100 Words

Highlighting On The Technological Advancement In The Field Of Crime Detection (Essay Sample) Content: Technology and ApprehensionNameCourseInstitutionProfessorDateTechnology and ApprehensionThe word technology in its simplest term refers to the incorporation of scientific techniques and knowledge to meet the aim of human life. Technology changes or rather manipulates the human surrounding with the benefit of human beings. Technology aims at making lives easier by reducing the workload and at the same time maximizing accuracy of performance. Technology cuts across all sectors of human operations, be it the primary sector, secondary or tertiary sectors. One of the sectors that the use of technology has been significantly leveraged on due to its accuracy and detailed measures is in justice administration (police, correction management and law courts. Technology is used specifically for several aspects within the administration (Peak Cohn, 2016). This essay details the use of technology in crime scene reconstruction, routine law enforcement patrols and in the fight again st terrorism.Technology is an emerging term that is quickly gaining attention in the field of criminal justice because of its accuracy. Criminal justice requires accurate information in order to pin point the masterminds or culprits who perpetuate a crime. In most instances, culprits flee the crime scene as way of trying to escape justice, others tamper with the crime scenes in order to avoid being caught. Once a crime has been perpetuated, forensic experts to visit the scene and identify any possible leads that can identify the suspect. In the past traditional forms of scene reconstruction were not that effective and sometimes tiresome because it required the use of several analysis in order to identify the suspect, the complex nature meant that the results were not that efficient and sometimes there were no leads at all. With the onset of technology in crime scene reconstruction however, this has changed. Technology incorporated the use of specific process that aims to identify su spect and build up a case. For instance, the use of fingerprinting helps to identify the culprit by collecting on possible items that were used to carry out the crime and scanning for prints. The fingerprint is then compared to the fingerprints found in the police database, the other example is the use of DNA samples found in the scene and the last example is analyzing chemicals or drugs found on the scene (Casey, 2011).Compared from not long ago, police patrols have seen a drastic improvement and all of this is thanks to the incorporation of technology. It is observed that, police are now able to predict a likelihood of crime happening even before it happens due to technology. It began with the use of radio calls, a specific link of communication that connects police from wherever they are, communication helps avert and apprehend criminals on the run. This is because, once a threat is identified in a certain region, an alert is sent to all the police within that jurisdiction. The l aw enforcers begin a manhunt for the culprit and once the culprit is identified, a communication is sent through the radio call to call for assistance. Predictive mapping is also a kind of technology that utilizes on the notion that a crime is likely to occur on one particular area by a similar group of offender and is always targeted to a similar group of people. Predictive mapping uses a software that pins a couple of locations within an area that crime is likely to occur (Koper, Lum Willis, 2014). After it has pinned several location, the police patrol prints out the map and move to that area in order to prevent the crime form occurring. Predictive mapping is important due to its utilization of resources, in that the police patrols do not have to move up and down blindly, the software identify for them where to be at what time. The last form of technology that has become so useful in terms of police patrols especially within the territorial boundaries is the use of drones. Drone s are unmanned small aircrafts. They are controlled remotely on ground. It is known that illegal immigrants or shifting of contrabands are done in areas that boundary patrol units cannot access. This however, has been curbed by the use of drones that survey the entire region regardless of the terrain.The last sector that we...

Research Paper Help For College - How Do I Prepare For It?

Research Paper Help For College - How Do I Prepare For It?There are many things you can do to prepare yourself for the upcoming academic year. One of the most important things you can do is to do your research and apply for your college research paper help for college. Some people get this right the first time they apply, while others fail.Don't be discouraged if you aren't accepted this semester. Many schools are very competitive and you will not be getting into one of them if you don't apply. Be sure to use your research paper help for college in other areas to show that you are smart and hard working.When you apply for your research paper help for college, it is a good idea to do a computer-based or paper-based assessment. You can do the assessments online or on paper. Be sure to ask if you have any problems during the process. If you have any questions you need to call, and not email.The main thing to remember is that it takes a long time to research and get all of the informatio n you need for your essay. While it isn't expensive to get a research paper help for college, you will need to keep up with it every day and do the assignments at the same time. This is how many students fail when applying.Most students have some idea of the length of time it takes to get a degree. If you think you know how long it will take, then ask someone else for their opinion. If you know what is expected, then ask for a professional opinion.You might want to try to get the best grades possible, but getting accepted for college is just as important as getting through your college experience. If you are willing to be consistent and hard working, it will pay off in the end. Research paper help for college is not easy, but it is well worth it.It is a good idea to compare colleges and get an idea of what is required of you. You may even want to consider online college aid to help you pay for school.

Why Does Crime Spike in Summer

Its not an urban legend: crime rates do in fact spike in the summer. A 2014 study from the Bureau of Justice Statistics  found that, with the exception of robbery and auto theft, rates of all violent and property crimes are higher during the summer than during other months. Why Summer? This recent study examined data from the annual National Crime Victimization Survey—a nationally representative sample of persons older than 12 year of age—collected between 1993 and 2010, which included violent and property crimes that did not result in death, both reported and not reported to the police. The data for nearly all types of crime show that, though the national crime rate plummeted by 70 percent between 1993 and 2010, seasonal spikes in summer remain. In some cases those spikes are 11 to 12 percent higher than rates during seasons in which the lows occur.  But why? Some researchers reason that increased temperatures—which drive many out of doors and to leave windows open in their homes—and increased daylight hours—which can lengthen the amount of time people spend away from their homes—raise the amount of people in public and the amount of time that homes are left empty. Others point to the effect of students on summer vacation, who are otherwise occupied with schooling during other seasons; still others postulate that suffering heat-induced discomfort simply makes people more aggressive and likely to act out. Factors Influencing Crime Rates From a sociological standpoint, though, the interesting and important question to ask about this proven phenomenon is not what climatological factors influence it, but what social and economic ones do. The question, then, should be not why are people committing more property and violent crime in the summer, but why are people committing these crimes at all? Numerous studies have shown that rates of criminal behavior among teens and young adults drop when their communities provide them with other ways to spend their time and earn money. This was found to be true in Los Angeles during several time periods, where gang activity in poor communities was reduced when community centers for teens where thriving and active. Similarly, a 2013 study conducted by the University of Chicago Crime Lab found that participation in a summer jobs program slashed the arrest rate for violent crimes by more than half among teens and young adults who were at a high risk for committing crime.  Generally speaking, the connection between economic inequality and crime is robustly documented for the U.S. and around the world. The Impact of Structural Inequalities Taking these facts into consideration, it seems clear that the problem is not that more people are out and about during the summer months, but that they are out and about in unequal societies that are not providing for their needs. Crime might spike at a time when a greater concentration of people being in public together simultaneously, and leaving their homes unattended, but that is not why crime exists. Sociologist Robert Merton framed this problem with his structural strain theory, which observed that strain follows when the individual goals celebrated by a society are not made achievable by the means made available by that society. So if government officials want to address the summer spike in crime, what they should really focus on are the systemic social and economic problems that foster criminal behavior in the first place.

The Handmaid s Tale And Fahrenheit 451 - 1560 Words

The Handmaid’s Tale and Fahrenheit 451 are similar novels because they both portray the disciplines in the humanities of literature and film. Both novels present issues that are related to the disciplines of government and political science. The protagonist in each novel is placed in a situation that they are powerless in which is due to the oppression of their dystopian society. Although everyone else has conformed to this new society, Offred and Montag have realized that the societies they are living in aren’t flawless. In both novels, we see the main characters approaching a point in their lives where they start to see the imperfections in the societies and wish for change because they aren’t currently satisfied with the lives they are living. They are longing for a deeper connection with people, and even though the society is trying to form them into something they are not, they refuse to be controlled by a government and a society that is not meant to be. Th e idea of government and political science can be explored to expose not only the ideas themselves, but the connections between literature and humanities through The Handmaid’s Tale and Fahrenheit 451. The Handmaid s Tale takes place in a city in what used to be in the United States, now called the Republic of Gilead. In this fictional and alternate future, the democratic government no longer exists and has been replaced by a theocracy government. The definition of theocracy is a form of government in which God or aShow MoreRelatedTwo Different Prospects for the Future: Ray Bradburys and Margaret Atwood1657 Words   |  7 PagesRay Bradburys Fahrenheit 451 showed us a world in which people found it acceptable, even preferable, to remain ignorant about the state of their world and face the darker aspects of their own humanity. Margaret Atwoods The Handmaids Tale envisioned a theocratic government named Gilead that induced women into the servitude of military commanders for the purpose of procreation. In both of these bleak contemplations of the future, people are discouraged from and harshly punished for expressing any

The Influencs of Mexican Drug Cartels on Every Day Life in...

EQ: How have Mexican cartels changed life for the everyday person in Mexico and what can the government do to stop their influence for future generations? The Mexican drug war has been going on for many decades now affecting many generations. Drug trafficking has gain more power by its sinister leaders that maintain power at all cost. This affects how mexico is perceived in the United States and rest of the world. The drug cartels have been taking advantage of Mexicans poor education rates to persuade young Mexican males to joying their cartel in order to keep power. As longs the main leader arent capture the cartels are going to keep on controlling Mexico. The Mexican drug war has been going on for about two decades creating such a prosperous business for its leader and main partnerships. This has created a society in which people live in fear and consternation since the cartels have started a fight to be the most powerful and dominating cartel in Mexico. The Mexican government priority shouldnt be a reform on its education programs to try preventing its youth to fall on hands of the deadly cartels. Drug trafficking has been going on in Mexico for a long time caused by economic instability among Mexican population but it has also been sparked by its neighbor country laws and prohibitions. The United States prohibition on alcohol of the 1920’s that eliminated the consumption of alcohol to prevent crimes and alcoholism. The United states created the unpopular

Gender Identity Disorder ( Gid ) Essay - 2178 Words

Introduction Sex and gender have been highly controversial constructs amongst many researchers for a long time, due to differing interpretations and definitions for both. Sex is described as the biological indicators of an individual being male or female, based on their sex chromosomes and non-ambiguous internal and external genitalia. Gender, on the other hand, is a social construct that is shaped by the way someone develops their idea of male or female within society. The term gender was introduced when the realization arose that individuals with ambiguous or conflicting biological aspects were unable to completely identify as neither male nor female. Gender Identity Disorder (GID), now more commonly known as Gender Dysphoria (GD), is a condition of atypical gender development whereby an individual’s psychological perception of self as masculine or feminine does not align with their biological sex. GD was used for patients who despised their biological status so much that they opted for surgical sex reassignment (Fisk, 1973). A number of definitions for gender identity exist and there can be confusion regarding gender identity due to gender role descriptions within society. Money (1994) defined gender roles as the things that individuals do to disclose themselves as male or female; for example, young girls prefer to play with dolls and make-up whereas young boys prefer video games and soccer. Kohlberg (1966) defined gender identity by a child’s ability to accuratelyShow MoreRelatedGender Identity Disorder (Gid)1051 Words   |  5 Pages(e-mail me and let me know if you use this and how it does) Gender Identity Disorder (GID) As early as the age of four (Vitale, 1996), some children begin to realize that the gender their body tells them they are, and the gender their mind tells them they are dont correspond. The sense of gender and the anatomical sex of a person mature at different times and different regions of the body (Vitale, 1997b). Sometimes the gendermap, the template within the mind of a person that codes for masculinityRead MoreGender Identity Disorder ( Gid )1209 Words   |  5 Pagestheir biological sex and gender identity, which is known as gender dysphoria. Gender dysphoria is formally known as gender identity disorder (GID), gender incongruence or transgenderism. According to Mohammaed Meomon, gender dysphoria is a product of highly complex genetic, neurodevelopmental, and psychological factors (Meomon, 2016). A person’s biological sex is given at birth depending on the appearance of the genitals. What a person identifies with is called gender identity. For example, a womanRead Mor eGender Identity Disorders ( Gids )1403 Words   |  6 Pagesindividual who was living as a woman while waiting to qualify for gender re-assignment surgery (GReS), shows the pain that those who struggle with gender identity disorders (GIDS) undergoi while â€Å"trapped† in the physical and social constraints of living as their original gender, as well as the relief that comes with living as a member of their â€Å"true† gender. Some may argue that use of surgery for purposes of treating gender identity disorders is morally unacceptable since trans sexuality does not belongRead MoreGender Identity Disorder Essays1031 Words   |  5 PagesLiving a life feeling out of place, with the wrong feelings, and in the wrong body, for a person with Gender Identity Disorder, this is how they feel day to day. According to the DSM-IV-TR, Gender Identity Disorder is characterized by a strong, persistent cross-gender identification, persistent discomfort with his or her sex or sense of inappropriateness in their gender role of that sex. According to the American Psychiatric Association (APA), children, adolescents and adults who exhibit a preoccupationRead MoreTransgender Students At High Education Essay852 Words   |  4 Pagesin higher education across the nation. In a national Student Affairs Administrators in Higher Education (NASPA) and Center for Collegiate Mental Health (CCMH) survey of a random sample of 21,686 college students in 2010, .1% (n=29) identified their gender as transgender, and .3% (n=57) identified as â€Å"other† (Effrig, Bieschke, Locke, 2011). Though this provides some useful insight regarding the number of transgender students on campuses nationally, the sample was not representative and so the resultsRead MoreGender, Gender And Race, By Christine Overall And Cressida Heyes1702 Words   |  7 Pagesacceptable. Their arguments are opposing to each other. Overall insists that both surgeries should be acceptable while Heyes does not agree with Overall. They both agree with that race and sex-gender are socially constructed. Thus, Overall has no problem with the concept of identity changes—for both sex-gender and race—however, Heyes argues that they are not constructed in the same way. Christine Overall is advocating the claim that transracial surgery is not problematic if transsexual surgery is acceptableRead MoreGender Expression and Social Norms Essay804 Words   |  4 Pages Around the world gender is genuinely seen as strictly male or female. If you step out of this â€Å"social norm,† you could be considered an outcast. This disassociation includes, biological males/females, interssexed, and transgendered individuals. These people are severely suppressed by society because their gender identification, behaviors, and even their activities deviate from the norm. Most Americans are exceedingly devoted to the concept that there are only two sexes. Therefore, the constrictiveRead More Male and female gender constructs Essay1624 Words   |  7 PagesOur cultural beliefs dictate that there are only two biological sexes corresponding to two genders (Newman, 2001). The male and female constructs often carry with them misconceptions and stereotypes, suc h as the belief that gender and sex are synonymous or that gender assigned at birth indicates a specific preference for toys, interest, clothes, and eventual erotic attraction (Newman, 2001). Males are expected to exhibit masculine personality traits and be attracted to women while females are expectedRead MoreGender Identity Disorder954 Words   |  4 PagesGender Identity Disorder/Gender Dysphoria Gender identity disorder (GID) or transsexualism is defined by strong, persistent feelings of identification with the opposite gender and discomfort with one’s own assigned sex. (â€Å"Psychology Today†) Due to a recent change to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, or DSM, â€Å"Gender Identity Disorder† will be replaced with â€Å"Gender Dysphoria†. For the purpose of this paper those two terms will be interchangeable. This paper will exploreRead MoreEssay about Dsm V1911 Words   |  8 PagesDSM-V and Gender Identity Disorder UVIC April 5, 2012 Table of Contents Introduction 1-2 Diagnostic and Statistics Manual for Mental Disorders (DSM) 2-3 Problems with the Current Diagnostic Criteria for GID Support of Keeping the GID Diagnosis in DSM-V Therapists Role in Transgendered Issues Introduction Although Gender Identity Disorder (GID) and homosexuality has been in the American Psychiatric Association’s (APA) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)

Case Study - Pathophysiology of Edema in Congestive Heart Failure

Question: Describe about the Case Study of Pathophysiology of Edema in Congestive Heart Failure? Answer: Case Study 1: 1. Tom is most likely suffering from a disease that affects the cardio-vascular system. His symptoms suggest that he has congestive heart failure in which the heart becomes weakened and is unable to pump blood to meet the needs of the body.2. The reason for chest pain is because the heart does not receive enough blood which causes chest pain. The reason for swelling of legs in Tom is that in patients with CHF a number of humoral and neurohumoral mechanisms that facilitate sodium and water reabsorption by the kidney and increase of extracellular fluid are activated resulting in edema in legs. Also some abnormal starling forces like increased venous capillary pressure and decreased plasma oncotic pressure promote edema. (Navas,J Maldonado,M 1993)3. The diagnostic procedure to confirm the condition are physical examination, patient history, electrocardiogram or echocardiogram. In cases where has history of angina and previous heart attack then cardiac catheterization may be done. Someti mes a less invasive test like stress test or nuclear stress test is performed.4. Physical examination is to find the cause of the condition and to assess the heart function via stethoacope.5. Patient history helps to gather information about any associated condition like BP, diabetes, etc6. Electrocardiogram is used to measure the electrical activity in the heart.7. Echocardiogram is used to detect the abnormalities in the structure of the heart and also to measure ejection fraction.8. Cardiac catheterization helps to assess the function of the heart9. Stress test is used to assess the presence of coronary heart disease.10. The health professional required to treat Tom are Cardiologist who will treat the patient, the nurses who will take care of his medication and tests and an educator who will tell Tom about the diet, exercise and lifestyle he should adopt. Case 2 1. The five potential health issues that Mary could face due to her obesity are2. Heart disease and stroke Due to increased weight, it is more likely to have high BP and high cholesterol. Both these factors are a major cause for heart disease and stroke.3. Sleep Apnea It is linked to excess weight. It causes people to snore and sometimes stops breathing briefly.4. Diabetes Overweight people are more likely to develop type2 diabetes.5. Osteoarthritis Increased weight puts extra pressure on the joints which over time causes wearing of the cartilage that protects joints.6. Gout It occurs due to deposition of excess uric acid crystals in the joints and is more common in obese patients.The two external factors affecting the health status of Mary are heredity and race. Both these factors make the patient more predisposed to develop type 2 diabetes.The two internal factors are obesity as the more the weight the patient has the more resistant the cells become to insulin and inactivity b ecause physical activity helps to control weight and uses the excess glucose for energy. The health professional and allied staff involved in care of Mary are General physician/family physician they are the main source of care and they inform the health care team about patients health status. Endocrinologist they are the specialist in treating diabetic patients Dietician helps the patient to decide the food needs of the body depending on the weight, lifestyle, medication and other health goals. Nurse educator Helps to educate about the daily aspects of diabetes self-care. Eye doctor Diabetes can affect blood vessels of the eyes, so a checkup is essential Podiatrist Diabetes causes nerve damage in extremities, so podiatrist helps to treat feet and problems in legs. Dentist Diabetic patients are at greater risk of developing gum diseases Exercise trainer helips to plan the fitness program for the patient The nurses should educate Mary about the importance of reducing weight and maintain a healthy lifestyle which should include diet counselling, physical activity counselling. She should be explained that her condition is a life-long disease and she will have to take care of herself continuously. Case Study 3 The complications that may arise due to unstable blood glucose in a type 1 diabetes patient are Retinopathy It occurs in 80% of the patients who have had type1 diabetes for more than 15 years. Kidney damage 20-30 % of the patients develop kidney damage over long disease time which can cause more serious problems like kidney failure and heart attack if not controlled Poor blood circulation and nerve damage Damage to nerve may lead to nausea, vomiting and diarrhea. Nerve damage and hardening of arteries leads to decreased sensation and poor circulation in feet. Heart attack accumulation of plaque in blood vessels of the heart cause there clogging and can lead to heart attack. The five specific health care professionalist involved in long term care of type 1 diabetes patient are Endocrinologist or pediatric endocrinologist They are the specialist in treating diabetic patients Nephrologist They help to diagnose the diseases of the kidney Neurologist They help in diagnosing any nerve damage and neurological disease like diabetic neuropathy. Cardiologist They help to diagnosis any heart condition present Ophthalmologist - People with type 1 diabetes should have their eyes checked within a year of diagnosis and then regularly. The services available in community care for long term are diabetic sessions, specialist podiatry treatment, wound care, routine risk foot conditions, comprehensive diabetic care including information about insulin pumps, blood glucose monitoring, carbohydrate monitoring, Diabetic home care plan for individual and care staff. Case 4 The two internal factors that affects the clients physical condition are firstly he is under the influence of alcohol which make him loose control over himself and his behaviour and secondly is a young driver of 24 years of age who are inexperienced and aggressive at this age. Young male drivers are more predisposed to Motor vehicle accidents. The two external factors affecting the clients condition are the emergency department environment and the medical care provided to him. If the client level of consciousness begins to decrease after 6 hours of admission then he may be suffering from mild traumatic brain injury. The patient was under the influence of alcohol while driving and also because of which his manifestations of the injury were masked first. But as the effect of alcohol decreases, the condition of the patient should improve but as the effect of alcohol subsides, the patients level of consciousness decreases indicating TBI. The diagnostic test required for diagnosis are Glasgow come scale which helps to assess the initial severity of brain injury, computerized tomography scan helps to locate any fractures, bleeding in the brain, blood clot and brain tissue swelling, magnetic resonance imaging gives a detailed view of the brain and intracranial pressure monitor used to measure pressure inside the skull. The two specific health care professionals involved in the care of the client are a neurologist who deals with the brain and nerves. He will assess the functioning of the brain and will check for any abnormal actions. The second specialist is radiologist who will perform the CT scan and MRI. They are involved in diagnosing problems in the X-rays. Case Study 5 The ethical issues which should be considered when dealing with the client are according to Buddhism a person has the right to decide when they will die therefore the nurse should be aware of the Buddhist beliefs. They donot take any medication and want to die with a calm mind and saying their prayers. Also after the death, the body should be kept in a peaceful state and should not be touched. All this should be kept in mind by the nurse. The nurse should also keep in mind that Buddhist have strict dietary regulations. Buddhists use religious objects like prayer beads and images for meditation. Life support machines are not considered to be helpful according to the Buddhists. They believe that having an alert mind and not having excess pain during death are important. The registered nurse should use non-pharmacological pain management therapy like meditation. It has been tested and is thought to be able to facilitate patient comfort. The nurse must balance the level of pain relief needed against the need for alertness required by the client. WHO analgesics ladder can be used. Non-opiad analgesics and weak opiods should be preffered. If the pain become severe and uncontrolled, strong opiods could be used to provide relief and have best cognitive function that would allow the client meditative spiritual practices. The nurses could seek advice from the doctor treating the client and the family members of the client. The non-pharamcological treatment that can be provided for pain relief are Relaxation Hypnosis Mindfulness meditation Immersive virtual reality distraction Listening to music Differential positive reinforcement of desired behaviour Identification and modification of unhelpful thoughts Goal setting to achieve desired behaviour Acupuncture/Acupressure Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation Manual and massage therapies Heat and cold application Distraction especially in children References: Navas,J Maldonado,M 1993, Pathophysiology of edema in congestive heart failure, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8156185 Schug,S Macintyre,P, 2007, Acute pain management: scientific evidence, https://www.anzca.edu.au/resources/college-publications /pdfs/Acute%20Pain%20Management/books-and-publications/8.%20Non-pharmacological%20techniques%20FINAL.pdf Chan,T Poon,E Hegney,D , 2011,What nurses need to know about Buddhist perspectives of end-of-life care and dying, Progress in palliative care Vol 19 No 1 Pg 1-5, https://www.academia.edu/2357157/What_nurses_need_to_know_about_Buddhist_perspectives_of_end-of-life_care_and_dying Hughes,J keown,D, 1995, Buddhism and Medical ethics: A bibliographic introduction, Journal of Buddhist ethics, Vol 2, https://www.changesurfer.com/Bud/BudBioEth.html Smith-marsh,D, Type 1 diabetes complications, https://www.endocrineweb.com/conditions/type-1-diabetes/type-1-diabetes-complications

Smoking Complication of Diabetes

Question: Describe about the Smoking for Complication of Diabetes. Answer: Smoking skills more people than anything else. The nicotine directly affects the brain. This assignment provides a guide how to self-manage to stop smoking. Dependent variable Smoking can increase the chances of Diabetes, stroke, heart disease, and kidney problems (Go et al., 2013). Smoking increases the insulin resistance and makes it harder for the smoker to control their blood glucose level (Beckman Creager, 2016). Any person having diabetes should not at all smoke because smoking constricts the blood vessels and diabetes adhere them from inside so there remains a very little place for the blood to flow. Smoking also causes different lung disease and cancer (Lozano et al., 2013). I want to stop smoking and in doing so I have to encounter withdrawal symptoms. It includes symptoms like headache, anxiety, nausea, and craving for more tobacco. The peak time for withdrawal symptoms is 48 hours after the quit and it is gone after six months (Piper et al., 2016). Therefore I have to be very conscious throughout this period of six months. When the time appears to be tough a ten minutes walking, jogging, or cycling may be helpful to me. Independent variable It is very hard to stop smoking suddenly because the brain already habituated with the higher level of feel-good chemicals like serotonin and dopamine. To stop smoking it is better to discuss with the persons who are very close to me about the quitting of smoking. Sometimes the stress in the office, deadlines, provokes me for smoking at this situation I must act like a responsible adult and dont take smoking as the solution to these problems. I should increase amount of exercise every day because increase in exercise helps to decrease the craving for cigarettes. I should avoid the people who insist or reminds me about smoking. I should do meditation because it helps to reduce the urge for smoking. To avoid smoking I must use nicotine patches, drink a lot of water, in tough condition I must relax with deep breathing, chew gum or hardy candy may also help me to quit smoking. Data collection method I should make a recording sheet that is a table where I can note how many cigarettes I am having every day, how many number of cigarettes I am reducing every-day and how many more can I reduce. From this table it will be clear that is there any requirement to increase the reduction number of the cigarettes or not, what is the time period that I will require to totally stop smoking, the time of my exercise, meditation, should also be notified by me on this chart, and increase them in regular basis. On the basis of the recordings of this table the I have to design a program to enhance the process of quitting of smoking. Design To design a stop smoking plan I have to follow ABAB format. According to the format I have to gather baseline information what I have to do and then have to follow a treatment procedure and then again withdrawal the treatment and observe what the changes occur in me , what are the immediate effects of the treatment on me. If it is seen that again I am feeling a craving for smoke and there is a chance of returning to the base line then again I have to re-introduce the treatment plan over me. References Beckman, J. A., Creager, M. A. (2016).Vascular complications of diabetes.Circulation research, 118(11), 1771-1785. Go, A. S., Mozaffarian, D., Roger, V. L., Benjamin, E. J., Berry, J. D., Blaha, M. J., ... Fullerton, H. J. (2013). AHA statistical update. Circulation, 127, e62-e245. Lozano, R., Naghavi, M., Foreman, K., Lim, S., Shibuya, K., Aboyans, V., ...AlMazroa, M. A. (2013). Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. The Lancet, 380(9859), 2095-2128. Piper, M. E., Fiore, M. C., Smith, S. S., Fraser, D., Bolt, D. M., Collins, L. M., ...Loh, W. Y. (2016). Identifying effective intervention components for smoking cessation: a factorial screening experiment. Addiction, 111(1), 129-141.

How to Use Essay Writing Samples

How to Use Essay Writing SamplesIn order to get your written essay grade up, you need to write an essay that is written well. This is why it is important to take the time to prepare for this particular type of assignment. You will want to make sure that your essay is complete, and that it is formatted well. In addition, you want to use the essay writing samples available for this specific type of assignment so that you can make your essay as well written as possible.When you are finished writing your essay, do not rush through it. Take your time and spend some time to review it. If you don't remember what you wrote, or if you found it difficult to read, take some time to look over it again. Make sure you check for any grammatical errors. Grammatical errors could cause your essay grade to drop, so you will want to make sure that the essay is flawless.There are several different types of writing that you can use to help you with your essay. One of the most common methods for doing this is by using a story. Make sure you choose a story that is easy to understand. The same is true for the format of the essay. After you have finished writing your essay, check the grammar so that you know that the essay was well written.Before you write your essay, you will want to find a sample essay that has already been written. You can find these samples in many different places, including on the Internet. Just make sure that you are not plagiarizing someone else's work.Once you have found a good essay sample, be sure to check out the formatting and the style of the essay. Make sure that the essay is formatted properly, and that the right type of font is used. Also, be sure that all of the information in the essay is there in the right place.After you have completed the essay, you will want to check it carefully. Make sure that you don't have any grammatical errors, and that the essay is well written. You also want to make sure that all of the information that you gave is true. F inally, you will want to read it over again so that you don't forget what you told the essay.By taking the time to write your essay, you will be able to improve your essay writing. However, don't be too hard on yourself if you do miss a few details. Just make sure that you catch the mistakes and that you write an extra paragraph where you tell the reader what they missed.Finally, when you do your essay, make sure that you do not cut and paste other essay writing samples. While you may be tempted to do this, you will be harming your ability to become a good essay writer. Instead, use the samples that you find online, and then copy them. Doing this will help you become a better essay writer, but if you do not have an idea of what you are writing, it will be very difficult to write your own essay.

The Motivation behind Employer

Given time Stolypins work might have saved Tsarism Essays

Given time Stolypins work might have saved Tsarism Essays Given time Stolypins work might have saved Tsarism Paper Given time Stolypins work might have saved Tsarism Paper The 1905 revolution showed that the social and economic structure of Russia was changing; this would necessitate a change in the political structure and if it wasnt addressed could destroy Tsarism. The Tsar took this as a warning and began to build on the relationships he had with his people. The October Manifesto of 1905 formalised the change in the relationship between the Tsar and his people. This meant that there was now a Duma in place. After the fall of the first Duma Stolypin was made Prime Minister. His key strategy was no return to absolutism and he used the motto pacification then reform, meaning if he could bring about social stability then social and political reform would soon follow. This would reduce the appeal of Revolutionaries and Tsarism would be saved. The first Duma was introduced by Count Sergei Witte in April 1906. The Duma expected the October manifesto to have changed the way Russian politics were run, however they were disappointed. A large loan from France stopped any chance the Duma might have had of exercising any financial control. The Fundamental Laws were then introduced and they divided the Duma. No law could be passed now without imperial approval, both sides grew bitter and resented each other. Nicholas dissolved the Duma in July 1906 and made Stolypin Prime Minister. Stolypin kept with his uncompromising approach to revolutionaries and he came down heavily on armed peasant insurrectionists who were protesting about the Duma. He had good reason to act like this as a social revolutionary bomb has blew up his house, injuring his daughter, killing 27 others but missing him. : The harshness of Stolypins response can be gauged from the term which was used for the hangmans noose- Stolypins Necktie. This was used right up to April 1907. The British ambassador stated about Russia public opinion is not as revolutionary as it was a year ago. By using methods which he saw fit Stolypin had secured social stability and was now ready to begin political reform. The second Duma was introduced in February 1907 and lasted only until June 1907, it was a complete disaster. It proposed nothing constructive looking only at civil rights, policing and improvement in workers conditions. Members of the Second Duma however were now prepared to work with the Tsar so consequently it was dissolved. Stolypin realised that if Tsarism was to be saved a Duma had to be created that was willing to work with him. In November 1907 the 3rd Duma came into being. This Duma was put together by Stolypin and Octobrists dominated most of the seats. However their 154 seats feel short of the 222 which were required do they had to combine with the Kadets and create a working majority. This was the first successful Duma to have been created in Russia and this meant a peaceful period in Russian History. Having secured a working majority, Stolypin set about Reforming Russia. Stolypins overall aim was to establish a modern constitutional Russian state and rural reforms were necessary to achieve this goal. Stolypin introduced the land law in November 1906 which was passed by decree but not approved by the Duma until June 1910. Redemption payments were abolished in January 1907 and there was an extension of credit through Peasant land Bank- this issued loans to allow peasants to purchase more land. Crowned state lands were to be made available for this purpose and as a result peasant holdings increased. Stolypin also encouraged peasants to leave commune and become private landowners. This would create a group of private proprietors with a vested interest in maintaining a regime who would hold their revolutionary neighbours in check. Furthermore a resettlement programme was organised to move peasants out of the overcrowded areas of central Russia. During the period 1906 to 1913, three million peasants moved to Siberia and central Asia settling on lands which the government had made available. Stolypin hope for stability in rural communities and to increase the efficiency of agriculture. Actually in the short term the countryside was successfully pacified and Russian agriculture did become more efficient. On the negative side he only dealt with 10% of the population increase so he never really solved the problem and the exceptionally good harvests marked peasant discontent. After the agrarian reforms Stolypin moved on to urban reforms to help save Tsarism. He sought to bring peace to the industrial workplace. Between 1907 and 1912 the number of strikes declined and the industrial workforce relatively subdued this however was not due to Stolypins reforms. Although trade unions had been made legal there was no strike fun and activities were restricted. Faith in trade unions declined greatly from 1907 onwards till about 1913. To sum up, the proletariat expanded significantly after 1910 and industrial unrest returned with a vengeance from 1912. This gave Stolypin and the Tsar some more time and helped to save Tsarism. To further delay the downfall of Tsarist autocracy Stolypin looked at the policy of Russification. He was perfectly prepared to accept the distinctive ideas and identities of people within the Russian Empire as long as those same people were prepared to accept their primary identity as Russian. The Russian Nationalists supported Stolypins policy of Russification and to implement it he introduced allegedly democratic reforms which were really anti-nationalist policies, this showed how shrewd that Stolypin really was. He dealt with the National minorities in a reasonably fair way however there was still discontent amongst the people so he could probably have done more. He only found a temporary solution soon everything would fall to pieces once more. Stolypin was keen to eradicate ignorance, which he believed was at the root of Russias social and political distress. He believed that an educated population could supply Russia with the desired workforce. This in turn would improve the Russian economy. In the Duma years pre 1914, expenditure on education quadrupled and literacy increased from 30% in 1900 to 40% in 1914. Given time Stolypins work probably would have saved Tsarism. He successfully stopped all who presented a threat to the Tsar, by introducing Urban and rural reforms. These were also very important in preventing the downfall of Tsarism. However his assassination ended a peaceful transition to a modern constitutional regime. If his assassination had not happened Tsarist authority may have lasted for longer in Russia.

Business Functions and Processes (Google. Communication and Research Paper

Business Functions and Processes (Google. Communication and Information Technology) - Research Paper Example Moreover, changing supplementary, either by incorporating computer investments without firm change in organization, or only partially enforcing some organizational requirements and changes, can generate significant productivity losses as any advantages of computerization are normally more than outshined by negative interactions with present organizational policies and practices (Brynjolfsson, Renshaw and Van Alstyne 1997). The necessity for ‘all or nothing’ changes between complementary systems was a part of the logic behind the organizational reengineering shift period during the era of 1990s (Hammer 1990). Furthermore, it can also elaborate why many large scale information technology projects are unable to perform as expected and miserably fail (Kemerer and Sosa 1991), while successful information technology adopters earn substantial rents (Brynjolfsson and Hitt 2000).There are various examples reflecting the historically high cost of information gathering and processi ng as well. For example, hierarchical organizational structures can diminish communications costs because they reduce the number of communications links essential to connect multiple economic factors as compared with the more decentralized hierarchical structures (Malone 1987; Radner 1993). Analogously, producing simple and standardized products remains to be the most efficient way to utilize scale intensive and inflexible manufacturing technology. However, as the cost of automated information processing has diminished by over 99.9 percent since the 1960s, it is not likely that the work practices of the earlier era will remain the same ones that best leverage the value of inexpensive information along with flexible production. In this spirit, Milgrom and Roberts (1990) develop and provide a model in which firm’s transformation and transition from ‘mass production’ to flexible, computer-enabled modern manufacturing’ is pushed by exogenous changes in the inf ormation technology price. Within the same context, the Bresnahan (1999) and Bresnahan, Brynjolfsson and Hitt (2000) highlight that how changes in information technology costs and capabilities direct to a cluster of changes in work organization and firm strategy increasing the demand for skilled labour. Changing interactions with the suppliers Managing a constant and result-orientated interaction and correspondence with suppliers offers numerous pitfalls. The organizations are generating a view that it is no more a feasible option to permanently rely on suppliers and may not disregard this option as for as the short term objectives are concerned. The organizations contend that suppliers have not been able to expectedly fulfil their role and part of work and they provide their excuses for delays. Keeping this view in mind and due to other problems coordinating with external suppliers, large firms often generate and develop many of their required inputs in-house. General Motors is the appropriate successful story of a company whose success was considerably supported by high levels of vertical integration. However, the latest technologies such as internet-based procurement systems, electronic data interchanges and other inter-organizational information systems have substantially diminished business process cost, business design and development cost and other difficulties of interacting with suppliers. Within the same

Healthy People 2020 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Healthy People 2020 - Research Paper Example Finally, in 2010, Healthy People 2020 was launched to guide health work for the next 10 years or up to 2020. Sometime during the mid-period or thereabouts of each of the ten-year programs, a mid-course review is conducted. For instance, the mid-course review for Healthy People 2010 was started to be published in December 2006. Presumably, therefore, a mid-course review for Healthy People 2020 will be done sometime 2015 or thereabouts. The launching of Healthy People 2020 was announced by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services through an official press release on 2 December 2010. According to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (2011), there are four overarching goals in Healthy People 2020. First, the attainment of â€Å"high-quality, longer lives free of preventable disease, disability, injury and premature death.† The second overarching goal is the achievement of health equity, elimination of health disparities, and improvement of health of all groups. The third overarching goal is the creation of social and physical environments that promote good health. Finally, the fourth overarching goal is the promotion of a quality of life, health development, and healthy behaviors across all life stages. The four overarching goals are declared in the official website of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services for its healthy people programs in www.healthypeople.gov as well as in a brochure produced in November 2010. According to the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (2010, p. 4), the population of Montgomery was estimated at 366,900 as of 1 July 2010. Approximately, 60 percent of the population resides in Montgomery County. Further, according to the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (2010, pp. 4-5), Montgomery’s population was growing at an average of 1.3 percent annually during the 1990s but the population growth rate dropped to 0.1 percent annually since 1 July 2008. Unemployment rate in

The Maintenance of Stereotypes Essay Example for Free

The Maintenance of Stereotypes Essay Although the nature of stereotypes are not essentially negative it has been found that stereotypes of out-group members are more likely to be negative than those of in-group members (Castelli et al. 2005; Perdue, Dovidio, Gurtman Tyler, 1990). Despite this fact, engaging in stereotyping still occurs. In order to adequately understand why we continue to use stereotypes, when we know of the negativity that can be attached to them, several areas need to be considered. Firstly, in the context of this essay stereotypes need to be defined. Lippman (1922) can be credited for having coined the term as being a set of socially shared representations and beliefs about the characteristics, features and behaviours of members of a group (Lyons Kashima, 2001). The Social Identity Theory also seeks to define stereotypes (Brown, 2000). Secondly, there are various mechanisms which occur that support the ongoing use and maintenance of stereotypes. In relation to this is priming, which has been found to be an active influence (Rudman Borgida, 1995; Lepore Brown, 1997; Blair Banaji, 1996). More recent research illustrates that stereotyping emerges as a way of simplifying the demands on an individual, a type of cognitive shortcut (Macrae et al. , 1994; Clark Kashima, 2007). Furthermore, stereotypes can be seen as a function of social connectivity and are thus maintained through communication (Lyons Kashima, 2006; Lyons and Kashima, 2003; Karasawa, Asai Tanabe, 2007). This essay will attempt to look at the most recent research in the past two decades and investigate the various methods that have been found to support the preservation of stereotypes. One of the key points with Social Identity Theory is that in the very act of categorisation, regardless of group contact, in-group preference is produced (Brown, 2000). This then defines a differentiation from out-group members (2000). This group differentiation can lead to the formation of stereotypes. Individuals seek also to perceive themselves in as optimistic light as possible, in an attempt to establish a positive distinctiveness between the self and other in-group members and between the in-group in comparison with the out-group. This is known as the self-esteem hypothesis (2000). From understanding how stereotypes are formed through the social identity theory, we can see how they are maintained. As found by Perdue, Dovidio, Gurtman, Tyler (1990), priming plays an intricate role in influencing the opinions and judgments of individuals on out-group members. A study conducted by Rudman Borgida (1995) primed male subjects to sexist female stereotypes through a television commercial in which women were portrayed as sexual objects. It was found that the primed males were more likely to engender women in a sexual fashion, paying more attention to her appearance than to what she was saying. They also responded faster to sexist words pertaining to women (babe and bimbo) than to non-sexist (mother and nurture). In this way, language plays a role in unconsciously priming people to stereotypes. It helps create an in-group versus out-group bias (1990). Impressions of people are also moulded by the names and labels which are applied to them (1990). As found by Perdue et al. (1990) ‘we’, ’us’, ‘ours’ are collective pro-nouns and are thus powerful priming influences in social cognition and perception, subtly characterising evaluative responses towards others and upholding the maintenance of stereotypes. However, in a study carried out by Blair and Banaji (1996) it was found that, although priming in stereotypes is automatically activated, an individual can control and even eliminate the automatic response, such as in gender stereotyping. In fact, it is also the individual’s intentions and cognitive resources that determine the extent to which an individual avoids the influence of such automatic processes. For example, in their study (1996) participants were asked to judge whether a name was male or female, when primed with a gender paired word, such as caring, sensitive, weak (for females) strong, arrogant or decisive (for males) or a neutral word like autumn, jelly, sleep. When sufficient cognitive resources were available and the participants intended to process counter-stereotypic information (the gender neutral words) there was a complete reversal of stereotype priming (1996). So although priming is a powerful method in maintaining stereotypes it does not fully account for the continuation of stereotyping in the face of its negativity. As reported by Bodenhausen (1990) instead of processing incoming or new information, stereotypes rely on previously stored knowledge and as a result information processing becomes easier. Thus the maintenance of stereotypes could be partially due to a type of cognitive laziness. Instead of flexing the grey matter muscle and using cognitive energy to process the new information, people effectively ‘rest on their laurels’, without motivation to change them they are reinforced to continue using stereotypes (Blair Banaji, 1996). However, as Macrae, Milne Bodenhausen (1994) established, stereotyping can also occur as a way to free up resources which can then be used in other tasks. Either way stereotypes are a type of judgmental heuristic, a short cut we take when demands are high and resources low. For example, it was found that morning people, whose peak function was early on in the day, fell back on stereotypic responses in the afternoon and for afternoon people, whose peak function was later on in the day, it was the reverse (1990). In this case, the amount of cognitive energy was the motivation to either reject or maintain a stereotype. In terms of the continuation of stereotypes, the motivation to reject them and process new information is thus a strong mechanism. It appears from the research (Clark Kashima, 2007; Lyons and Kashima, 2003; Lyons and Kashima, 2006; Lyons and Kashima, 2001) that stereotype-consistent information is more likely to be communicated than stereotype-inconsistent information, called the stereotype consistency bias. To test this, Lyons and Kashima (2001) investigated communication through a chain of people. The experiment involved one participant reading a story with stereotype-consistent and inconsistent information relevant to the stereotypes of footballers then reproducing it from memory to another person. The second person then read it to a third, and the third to a forth and so on and so forth (2001). As the story was communicated down the chain it became devoid of all stereotype-inconsistent information, effectively illustrating how communication is key in maintaining stereotypes. Clark and Kashima (2007) also found that the stereotype consistency bias would occur due to the social connectivity function found in stereotypes. In other words; when a stereotype was perceived as being socially shared it was more likely to be used. Thus, the social connectivity aspect of communication is a strong mechanism in the continuation of them. Subtyping occurs when any information from an individual, that undermines a group’s stereotype, is functionally placed outside of the group and thus not calculated when forming a stereotype (Park, Wolsko Judd, 2001). This leaves the overall stereotype unchanged even though aspects of it have been disproved. Kunda and Oleson (2001) have also found that members of one group do not generalize the neutral information of an individual in the out-group to members of that same group. In other words, it is the negative aspects of out-group members that are projected, while the neutral as well as the positive features are ignored. Subtyping provides us with another mechanism in the maintenance of stereotypes, as we can see through this model that stereotypes are able to effectively shed aspects which are proven to be inaccurate whilst still maintaining the overall stereotypical view. Stereotypes are a persistent and persuasive method of social categorisation. Socially we are primed towards engaging in stereotypes (Perdue, Dovidio, Gurtman, Tyler, 1990). In terms of communication we use stereotypes when we perceive that the people we are communicating with hold the same stereotypes and so stereotypes become a type of social lubrication, assisting communication (Karasawa, Asai, Tanabe, 2007). In this way, communication is also a motivation to not reject the stereotype and process new information. However, if we consciously allocated more cognitive resources we would reject the stereotype and process new information (Macrae, Milne Bodenhausen, 1994). Although the mechanisms that underlie the maintenance of stereotypes are intricate and complex, if the puzzle of these mechanisms were to be explained then, although we know that we should avoid stereotypes, we would understand how to. Blair, V. I. , Banaji, M. (1996). Automatic and controlled processors in stereotype priming. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 1142-1163. Bodenhausen, G.V. (1990). Stereotypes as judgmental heuristics: Evidence of circadian variations in discrimination. Psychological Science, 1, 319-322. Brown, R. (2000) Social identity theory: Past problems, current achievements and future challenges. European Journal of Social Psychology, 30, 745-778 Castelli, L. , Zecchini, A. , De Amicis, L. , Sherman, S. J. (2005). The impact of implicit prejudice about the elderly on the reaction to stereotype confirmation and disconfirmation. Current Psychology: Developmental, Learning, Personality, Social, 24, 134-146. Clark, E.A. , Kashima, Y. (2007). Stereotypes help people connect with others in the community: A situated functional analysis of the stereotype consistency bias in communication. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 93, 1028-1039. Karasawa, M. , Asai, N. , Tanabe, Y. (2007). Stereotypes as shared beliefs: Effects of group identity on dyadic conversations. Group Processes Intergroup Relations, 10, 515-532. Kunda, Z. , Oleson, K. C. (1995). Maintaining stereotypes in the face of disconfirmation: Constructing grounds for subtyping deviants. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68, 565-579. Lepore, L, Brown, R. (1997) Category and stereotype activation: Is prejudice inevitable? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77, 275-287. Lipman (1922) as cited in Lyons, A. , Kashima, Y. (2001). The reproduction of culture: Communication processes tend to maintain cultural stereotypes. Social Cognition, 19, 372-391. Lyons, A. , Kashima, Y. (2006). Maintaining stereotypes in communication: Investigating memory bias and coherence-seeking storytelling. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 9, 59-71. Lyons, A. , Kashima, Y. (2003). How are stereotypes maintained through communication? The influence of stereotype sharedness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 989-1005. Lyons, A. , Kashima, Y. (2001). The reproduction of culture: Communication processes tend to maintain cultural stereotypes. Social Cognition, 19, 372-391. Macrae, C. N. , Milne, A. B. , Bodenhausen, G. V. (1994). Stereotypes as energy-saving devices: A peek inside the cognitive toolbox. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66, 37-47. Park, B., Wolsko, C. , Judd, C. M. (2001). Measurement of subtyping in stereotype change. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 37, 325 – 332. Perdue, C. W. , Dovidio, J. F. , Gurtman, M. B. , Tyler, R. B. (1990). Us and them: Social catergorization and the process of intergroup bias. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 5, 475-186. Rudman, L. A. , Borgida, E. (1995). The afterglow of construct accessibility: The behavioural consequences of priming men to view women as sexual objects. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 31, 493 – 517.

Essay --

Of the many dynasties that make up China’s history, one of the most notable is the Han Dynasty, which lasted from 206 BCE to 220 CE, under the rule of numerous emperors. It made many contributions to China’s history and made lasting changes, some of which remained for millennia following the dynasty’s collapse. They made changes to China’s economy, technology, social order, religion, philosophy, and education that revolutionized the way China operated. Also, as the Han Dynasty expanded greatly during its rule, many of the territory that the dynasty conquered became part of what would later be modern day China. These changes helped to shape the country that China became. One of the major lasting effects was the Han Dynasty’s changes to the economy. The Han Dynasty expanded their influence throughout the land and made improvements in many products made in China, including silk, iron, and textiles, as well as inventing paper. As stated in the article, â€Å"Great Journeys of China†¦ The Silk Road†, â€Å"at the order of Emperor Wudi, courtier General Zhang Qian travelled to the â€Å"regions western ...

Russia Superstitions

Customs that are more often regarded as superstition Mothers typically do not show their baby to anyone except the father, the midwife and other close relatives for forty days after the baby is born. Many nationalities have a set of rituals for the guests that they have to follow to see the baby for the first time. [1] Before leaving for a long journey travelers, and all those who are seeing them off, must sit for a moment in silence before leaving the house. It is often conveniently written off as a time to sit and think of anything one may have forgotten. 2] After someone has left the house on a long journey, their room and/or their things should not be cleaned up until they have arrived, or at least a day has passed if they are guests in a house. [2] Knocking on wood is practiced in Russia as in other countries. However Russians tend to add a symbolic three spits over one's left shoulder (or simply with the head turned to the left), and Russians will often knock three times as wel l. Traditionally one was spitting on the devil (who is always on the left). 3] Breaking a mirror is considered bad luck in Russia, as is looking at one's reflection in a broken mirror. The effect is also more severe than 7 years of bad luck (as in American culture). [4] On examination day, it is bad luck to make your bed, wear anything new, or cut your fingernails. [3] It is bad luck to use physical hand gestures to demonstrate something negative using oneself or someone else as the object. For example, when describing a scar you saw on someone's face you should not gesture on your own face or someone else's. If you must, you can demonstrate in mid-air.If one does it without realizing, it can be countered by making a hand motion towards the body part used and then an abrupt motion away (as if to pick up the bad energy and throw it away). [3] If one person accidentally steps on another person's foot, it is common for the person who was stepped on to lightly step on the foot of the pe rson who stepped first. It is said that they thus avoid a future conflict. [3] Birthday parties should be celebrated on or after one's birthday, not before. So when one's birthday falls during the week, it's best to celebrate the following weekend. And never give someone birthday wishes before their birthday. 3] Talking about future success, especially boasting about it, is considered bad luck. It is considered better to be silent until the success has been achieved or to even sound pessimistic. [3] Returning home for forgotten things is a bad omen. It is better to leave it behind, but if returning is necessary, one should look in the mirror before leaving the house again. Otherwise the journey will be bad. [4] Many Russians consider giving sharp objects, like knives or scissors, as gifts, to be taboo. You can avoid this taboo taking symbolic little money, for example one Russian ruble, in exchange as if it is a trade, not a gift. 4] Birds that land on a windowsill should be chased away. If they tap on the window, or fly into it (open or closed) it is considered a very bad omen (often of death). [5] If a chicken crows at you three times before noon, the death of a close family member can be expected within a fortnight. The chicken should be killed, but not eaten, as consuming it will bring about further misfortune. [5] Things bought for a newborn baby (such as clothes, toys, furniture, etc. ) should only be purchased after the baby is born. This is usually done in a big hurry. 1] It is often considered taboo to step over people, or parts of their body, who are on the ground. It is often said that it will prevent the person from growing (if they are not fully grown already). It is better to politely ask the person to move or to find a way around them. If one accidentally steps over a person (or people), it is sometimes standard to step backwards over them. [3] Unmarried people should not sit at the corner of the table. Otherwise they will not marry. This mostly applies to girls, and often only young girls. Sometimes it is said that you will not marry for 7 years, making it all right for young children to sit there. 6] When giving an animal as a gift (a cat, dog, bird, etc. ), the receiver should give the giver a symbolic sum of money, for example one Russian ruble. [5] A purse (or any other money holder) as a gift requires a little money inside. Given empty it causes bad financial luck. [4] A funeral procession brings good luck. But one should never cross its path or it is bad luck. [7] A woman with empty water buckets coming towards you is considered a bad omen. [3] A group of two or more people should not talk on different sides of a tree. They should all keep to one side or the other. [3] Bread should only be cut with a knife, not with your hands.Otherwise, it is said, that your life will be broken. The opposite is held true by some people. [4] Two or more people should never use one towel at the same time to dry their hands or bodies, or it is said to bring conflict. [4] A stranger should not look at a newborn baby before it is a certain age (between two months and one year). If one looks at the baby it is considered bad luck to compliment it. Instead, one could say, â€Å"Oh, what an ugly child! â€Å". [1] It's good luck to trip on your left foot. [3] One should never hand a knife directly to another person, as it is said that the two will get into a fight.Instead a person should always place the knife down on a surface, and only then can the other person pick it up. In several cases you can give it directly, but only pointing the sharp end to yourself and making the knife's handle accessible for the opposite person. [4] If one feels that he or she may have been cursed by someone (had the â€Å"evil eye† put on them) or just has the feeling of a hostile presence, it is recommended to remove one's coat and then put it back on starting with the hand opposing the usually used one. It is also recommended to pin a French Pin inside your clothing to avoid the curse of the evil eye in the first place. 3] One should not to shake hands or give something through a threshold. [3] Whistling in a house would bring misfortune to that household (see origins below). It is considered taboo to give something that is broken or has a defect as a gift. Before one takes an exam, someone else would say, â€Å" ! † which roughly translates to â€Å"neither fur, nor feather! † which means good luck. To this, the one taking the exam would reply, â€Å"? ! † which means, â€Å"Go to the Devil! † or â€Å"To the Devil! † which is a way of securing good luck

Breast Cancer Essay - 1270 Words

Cancer lies resting in all of us; all the living organisms such as our bodies are consistently making defective cells1. This is how tumors are developed. Our bodies are provided with a number of mechanisms that can detect and keep such cells in check1. Breast Cancer (BC), is the most common malignancy found in women worldwide, and it is associated with high morbidity and mortality2. These breast tumors are made up of different characteristics of breast cancer cells3. However, toxicity and chemoresistance are the main reasons that limit the treatments in BC cases to become successful4. Major treatment strategies for breast cancer consist of either radiotherapy, surgery and/or chemotherapy2. The chances of surviving when patients receive†¦show more content†¦Further data demonstrated that frankincense oil can induce apoptosis in breast cancer3. Whether or not frankincense oil influences apoptosis in breast cancer remains unclear. This study will utilize breast cancer cells to determine if frankincense oil influences the viability of the cells and cytotoxicity. Hypothesis: Since scientists have been unable to find a cure for breast cancer, research is needed to lower the viability of breast cancer cells. Due to frankincense’s anti-inflammatory ability to reduce cancer, we hypothesize that frankincense oil will inhibit the growth of breast cancer cells and promote apoptosis. Methodology: Breast cancer cells (MCF-7) will be kept at 37 ° C and 5% CO2 in an incubator. The breast cancer cells are going to be treated by having a control group with media only while the experimental groups will be treated with different concentrations of frankincense (5%, 10%, 20%, and 25%). Breast cancer cells will be incubated for 24 hours. They will be treated with 30  µM concentration of frankincense and the cells will have a control group of 0  µM; breast cancer cells will be observed for different time periods (0, 3, 6, and 12 hours). Aim #1: Investigate the effect of Frankincense oil on Breast cancer cell viability Based on previous studies, Frankincense oil’s anti-inflammatory ability has suggested that it could possibly kill cancerShow MoreRelatedMale Breast Cancer Essay861 Words   |  4 Pages Breast cancer in males is quite common, yet still many people are unaware of this disease. Often, it can go undiagnosed until the cancer is in the fourth stage. Every year over 2,000 men will be diagnosed, but only 54% will survive. Cancer in men is often overlooked as it is almost 100 times less common in men than women. During a man’s entire lifespan, the risk of having a diagnosis is about one in one-thousand. The most common symptom of this devastating disease are a lump or some swelling. ThisRead More Breast Cancer Essay1204 Words   |  5 Pages BREAST CANCER I) Anatomy of the breast nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The breast is a gland designed to make milk. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; II) What is breast cancer? nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Breast cancer is an abnormal growth of cells. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;These abnormal growths are called tumors. Not all tumors are cancerous. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Non-cancerous tumors – benign nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;CancerousRead More Breast Cancer Essay1235 Words   |  5 PagesBreast Cancer Cancer is one of the leading causes of death in the United States. There are many different types of cancer that are affecting people all over. Breast Cancer is one of these, and is found in man and women. Over 200,000 women and 1,300 men have been diagnosed with breast cancer this year. One in eight women will detect breast cancer in their lifetime. 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